Importance of Training and Evaluation in Organisations

Significance of Training and Evaluation in Organizations Presentation: In the previous quite a while human asset the board become very well known. Human Resource the executives is a significant inside piece of an association. It has numerous capacities like enrollment and determination, human asset improvement, prize and execution and the board advancement. Gifted and created workers are principle quality of associations achievement. Organizations are eager to enlist gifted and capable individuals. Be that as it may, it is a silly methodology for long haul achievement. As referenced above, as of late of organizations and associations have acknowledged significance of preparing and advancement. They are concentrating on consistent improvement and learning through preparing and advancement in association. In any case, for that representatives are have to pick astutely. This part is identified with enrollment and determination process. So HR director need to pick individuals with the possibility to find out additional. Numerous associations urge workers to take an interest in preparing and advancement program to get familiar with the deliberate information inside and out. Presently it is understood that if there are more chances of advancement for representatives, with the goal that they remain submitted longer to the association. Such roused, experienced and prepared staffs bring better association execution. That is the way association can create best item or administrations that bring more consumer loyalty and more deals which finishes in more benefit. It likewise underpins representative in taking an interest preparing and advancement program and consequently, it expands work commitment of the worker to the association. Associations certainly will acquire profitability from gifted and prepared representatives instead of non prepared workers. Prepared and drawn in representatives are propelled workers. Talented and inspired representatives are high performing workers. That is the means by which boss and worker both can get advanta ge from preparing and improvement program. (Beardwell Claydon, 2007) 2. Vital HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: This venture centers around human asset improvement. Fundamental goal of this undertaking is to clarify the significance of preparing assessment in an association. Preparing assessment is the one of the pivotal piece of preparing process. Be that as it may, first we have to know, why preparing assessment required? From the earliest starting point it is a key subject for the vast majority of the coaches. When, preparing and advancement don't give the necessary outcomes than it tends to be a lot of hurtful for the association. It can de-inspire the students and can genuinely harm their notoriety. That is the reason preparing assessment has been presented. So that by assessing preparing, coaches can get anticipated outcomes. It likewise assists with rolling out any proper improvements where it is required. It gives the certainty to the mentor by giving aftereffect of that they are working admirably. (Thorne K. Mackey D. 2007) HRM highlights make more significance when it is appended to vital incorporation. It is progressively worried to connect the HRM issues into vital planes. Key Human Resource Development (SHRD) is for giving the unmistakable vision about representatives capacities and potential to work inside the vital structure of the business. New learning and advancement techniques are made under SHRD to accomplish business objectives. Preparing assessment is expected to guarantee that, is SHRD accomplishing the business objectives or not? The principle goal of SHRD is to improve assets with the conviction that organizations representatives are a significant wellspring of upper hand. It is increasingly centered around scholarly capital, guaranteeing that are there right nature of workers accessible to meet the present and future needs. By making a learning situation in which representatives are urged to learn and create to coordinate the employability of outside and within association, ought to be one of its interests. Michael Armstrong (2009) has featured the way of thinking of SHRD. HRD makes a significant commitment to effectively accomplish firms objectives, interest in the advantages to the partners of the association. HRM planes and projects ought to be cooperate with and backing to accomplish the objectives of business and HRM. Everyone in the association ought to be urged and offered chance to learn and build up their aptitudes and information. In SHRD there ought to be an emphasis on self-guided learning and backing by instructing, preparing and observing. As we have seen getting the hang of, preparing, advancement and instruction are the components of HRD. Taking in ought to be recognized from preparing. Consequently, associations need to screen their preparation programs. (Armstrong M. 2009) From Baron J. Kreps D. (2005), presently firms don't show preparing as an expense for the worker however as a speculation. They said that, it is critical to gauge the preparation. By giving a few models, they contended about how it is hard to proportion of execution improvement. Consequently, assessment is bound to be considered as a capital venture of preparing. Mentor and student both ought to experience from assessment process. The consequence of this procedure will give better comprehension about execution improvement. Causing changes where essential in preparing will to furnish extraordinary assistance in the mix with business systems. As per Armstrong (1999) preparing assessment is imperative to assess preparing so as to survey its adequacy. It is critical to realize what ever preparing is given to the representatives; does it truly help them in their work? Since, part of time, exertion and cash spend to prepare representatives. That is the reason Hamblin said any endeavor to acquire data (input) on the impacts of a preparation program and to survey the estimation of the preparation in the light of that data. It is a necessary element of preparing. It offers the response to the topic of how far the preparation has accomplished its motivation. Preparing assessment ensures that, the given preparing was venture instead of cost. RESEARCH MATHODOLOGY: All the information is accumulated by auxiliary sources. The majority of the information is gathered from books. A portion of the diaries have been alluded for sufficient information on the examination report. Electronic source is the fundamental wellspring of social occasion the applicable information. Both subjective and quantitative information been assembled for the proposed examine report. A contextual analysis has taken is supporting Kirkpatricks model. It gives the short detail of how to make assessment in preparing. (Bhattacharya, 2006) KIRKPATRICS TRAINING EVALUATION THEORY: To comprehend preparing assessment, Kirkpatrick has presented four degree of preparing assessment. Donald Kirkpatrick was leader of the American Society of Training and Development in 1975. Response: Reaction assessment is the means by which the student felt, and their own response to the preparation or learning experience. It is an input shapes on preparing experience. Verbal response can likewise be noted and broke down. It tends to be finished by post preparing overviews and surveys. Criticism structure, which can be filled or verbally given to the administrator. It contains individual inclination type questions, as did the learners like and appreciates preparing? Did they consider the preparation pertinent? Was it a decent utilization of their time? Did they like the planning and the spot of preparing? It is anything but difficult to do. It very well may be done following fulfillment of preparing. Simple to get response criticism. Simple to investigate. Very little costly to accumulate all the information and for break down. It become extremely supportive to realize the essential inquiries like learners were not troubled or frustrated with preparing. Analyser needs to expect that all the inputs are certifiable. On the off chance that it is than the vast majority of the criticisms might be comparative. Getting the hang of: Learning assessment is the estimation information from when learning experience. It very well may be finished by doing evaluation tests when preparing. Meeting and perception can likewise be utilized rather than appraisal test. Evaluation test should be firmly identified with the points of learning. Estimating the test can be simple in g bunch as opposed to person. Printed copy, electronic, on the web or meeting style appraisal are sorts of social occasion learning assessment information. From the information, it is anything but difficult to make sense of, did the student realize what each he expected to educated? Did the student experience what planned to involvement with preparing? It is additional tedious and exorbitant in contrast with response assessment. It just shows that how much information h As student has. It doesnt shows that how much learning applied at the work environment. Conduct: Behavior assessment in which students applied the learning and change their conduct. This can set aside some effort to change their conduct it may take a little while or months after the preparation. The fundamental goal of conduct assessment is to discover did students placed their learning into impact? Is it accurate to say that they are utilizing the applicable ability which has been instructed? Is there any adjustment in their exercises while working? How is their presentation? Is the learner mindful of the evolving conduct? Is the student attempting to move their learning in others or not? As conduct assessment is a significant assessment process among different procedures. Perception need to done at certain degree of preparing. Evaluation test isn't appropriate in this in light of the fact that every learner will take as much time as is needed to place his learning into impact. Evaluation should be possible just by appropriate investigation apparatuses. Judgment, perception or meetings are the most ideal approach to gauge the effect of preparing. An adaptable way, as 360 degree criticism is helpful strategy for estimating the impact. It is less simple to quantify the adjustment in contrast with learning conduct. Participation and abilities of onlookers are generally significant in this assessments procedure. Analysers should be a lot of precise and involvement with making a decision about students conduct. Conduct assessment should happen in some time term during the preparation. So it relies upon evaluators vision to see standard of conduct, which can be shifts among various evaluator. The supp

Principles of Providing Admin Services free essay sample

Complete the table underneath with depictions of at any rate two distinct highlights of a phone framework and how/when they would be utilized. FeatureHow/when utilized 1. Telephone calls This makes it conceivable to address more than one individual at the same time. 2. Move Enables one to move a guest to another expansion. 2. Set up a short report prompting individuals on: How to follow authoritative techniques when making and getting calls When making calls the guest should ensure the person has all the inquiries they need to pose, its great practice to have a pen and paper helpful to take messages and be prepared to tune in to the discussion mindfully. While accepting a call answer after a specific number of rings, state the name of the organization and branch if the association has different areas, listen cautiously to the motivation behind why the guest rang, and it’s imperative to grin when chatting on the telephone as it. We will compose a custom exposition test on Standards of Providing Admin Services or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The motivation behind giving a positive picture of yourself and your association when making and accepting calls. On the off chance that conceivable, utilize explicit data from strategies in your own association (or one that you know about). A positive picture is imperative for any business so opening and shutting telephone discussions is foremost and realizing how to manage every guest effectively. Utilizing the correct tone and language too assists with depicting a positive picture for the business and for the individual and furthermore shows how proficient somebody is. Segment 2 †Understand how to deal with mail 1. Clarify the motivation behind accurately accepting, checking and arranging mail and bundles (both approaching and active). Approaching mail †¢Open mail not private except if cleared to do so †¢Remove substance †¢Date stamp mail when gotten †¢Check and append walled in areas †¢Sort mail as indicated by division †¢Mail is conveyed or gathered by various offices by assigned staff and afterward put in the recipient’s in plate Outgoing Mail †¢Collect mail from every office †¢Deliver mail to the sorting room at a concurred time †¢Sort mail into first, second, exceptional and recorded conveyance †¢Weigh letter or bundles †¢Calculate postage costs Stamp or straight to the point things at the right expense †¢Take mail to a suitable post box or mail station It is of vital significance for mail to be arranged appropriately inside any business since inability to do so implies †¢Loss of potential business †¢Short and lon g haul loss of income †¢Workers unfit to finish undertakings prompting unsatisfied clients and sat around †¢Irritated providers when they pursue up installments 2. Complete the table beneath with the accompanying data: †¢At least two instances of inward mail benefits that are accessible to associations †¢At least two instances of outside mail benefits that are accessible to associations Interior mail servicesExternal mail administrations 1. Intranet 1. Imperial Mail 2. Secure pockets and packs 2. DHL 3. Depict two strategies that you can use to compute postage charges for mail and/or bundles. †¢Taking weight and measurements of the thing. With this technique in a perfect world, what is required is the length, width, stature and weight of the bundle and a cost will be naturally worked out for you and this assists with giving an exact cost to postage. †¢Use of postage rate tables †this is utilized to set the sum you charge per postage by conveyance strategy and goal. Expenses can likewise be indicated by worldwide postage, either by locale of explicit nation. Segment 3 †Understand how to utilize various kinds of office gear 1. Depict the primary kinds of hardware found in workplaces and how they are utilized. Incorporate instances of at any rate three distinct kinds of office gear. †¢Computers †these give a wide scope of capacities which make them valuable for ordinary circumstances. When stacked with different programming programs a PC can perform different undertakings from word handling, spreadsheets, database and in any event, gaming. †¢Printers used to deliver duplicates of archives from the PC documents. Printers †used to make precise of any report from letters or endorsements. With copying you can make one or numerous duplicates of a similar record. 2. Clarify the motivation behind adhering to manufacturer’s directions when utilizing hardware. †¢ This empowers the client to get generally out of the gear, comprehend the hardware before use and. Not adhering to the guidelines could prompt wellbeing and dangers, higher support expenses could be brought about by the client in the event that anything turns out badly with it as guarantees and certifications could be void. 3. Clarify the reason for keeping gear spotless, sterile and prepared for the following client. For any association quality is of vital significance so perfect hardware creates better quality items and with cutoff times and focuses to meet time and assets won't be squandered. In certain associations (call focus) individuals need to share hardware like headsets so it’s in every case great practice to ensure it is cleaned after use and prepared for the following individual to lessen danger of disease and spreading of germs. Likewise, if others don’t keep shared hardware or work stations clean this can have negative effect on the business as targets/cut off times won’t be met as this could be de-propelling for other staff individuals. See how to downplay squander in a business situation 1. Clarify why waste ought to be kept to a base in a business situation. †¢Too much waste financially affects the business over the long haul. A lot of cash will be squandered to redress the issue. For example broken machines can create blemished items. These deficient items can posture to be a hazard to the earth if not arranged off effectively can get the fined by specialists. Furthermore, contingent upon the association, cash spent of discounts particularly on something that can be evaded causes loss of income. . Distinguish at any rate two primary driver of waste in a business situation. †¢People in the business because of committing errors †¢Materials and gear 3. How might you downplay squander in a business domain? Depict in any event two different ways of doing this. †¢Using email as a method of correspondence more inside the business. This will help diminish the measure of paper utilized. The beneficial thing about this also is a database can be utilized to get to all chronicled reports. †¢Energy proficiency is another acceptable method of downplaying waste. Staff individuals ought to start closing down their PCs after work and utilizing movement worked lights Section 5 †Know how to make game plans for gatherings 1. Complete the table beneath posting at any rate two distinct sorts of gatherings and depicting the primary highlights of each kind of meeting. Kind of meetingMain highlights Conference gatherings This gathering is sorted out with high arranging and structure, directed by a seat individual. The quantity of members relies upon the reason for the meeting. PresentationThese gatherings are held for the most part to illuminate the group about any new changes made in procedures and methodology. In this gathering there is a moderator or two and at long last, the participants have the chance to pose inquiries. 2. When organizing a gathering: †¢What sources and sorts of data are ordinarily required? - Date of the gathering - Start and finish times of the gathering - Venue and plan of the gathering - Attendance list - Minutes from past gathering - Reports for thought in the gathering - The ideal result for the gathering †¢How should gatherings be organized? - Find out about the gathering brief - Confirm setting, cooking and hardware necessities - Produce the plan and meeting papers Invite participants and send them the motivation - Confirm participation - Make sure attendees’ needs are met - Make revises to address any requirements for prerequisites like providing food - Collate and dispatch papers for the gathering inside concurred time scales - Produce save duplicates of meeting papers - Arrange the gear and design for the room Ensure participants have a full arrangement of papers - Take exact notes of the gathering including participation - Provide data and bolster when required - Produce a record of the gathering - Seek endorsement and correct the gathering record as important Circulate the gathering record to concurred time scales Section 6 †Understand systems for sorting out movement and settlement courses of action 1. Clarify the motivation behind affirming guidelines and necessities for business travel and settlement. †¢It guarantees that no mix-ups have been made during the procedure †¢Helps get out any false impressions so it’s critical to consistently check the realities with the significant individuals so everything is done effectively from the beginning. †¢It guarantees that people show up on schedule for gatherings or arrangements. 2. Complete the table underneath with a blueprint of the fundamental kinds of business travel and settlement courses of action that may should be made and the methods that ought to be followed while doing this. Travel and convenience arrangementsProcedures TransportBook flights, train tickets on schedule. In the event that utilizing own vehicle from air terminal have a taxi booked too Long check in flights might be required with worldwide flights Accommodation Book lodging for the suitable dates Cost of room Meals †which ones are incorporated Location of inn Money Arrange explorers checks or outside cash before the excursion Insurance travel Travel data Confirm with the explorer that schedule and records meet the prerequisite Maps 3. Clarify the motivation behind tracking travel/convenience courses of action in a transport

Richard III Behind-the-scenes

Richard III Behind-the-scenes [by Grace Kane 11, Guest Blogger] Yes, everyone; shocking as it may seem, MIT has a thriving student theater scene. Though MIT theater is not as large-scale or well-known as that of its nearby Ivy-league counterpart, there is still a contingent of incredibly talented, committed people who manage to struggle through their exams and psets and still put on a series of fantastic shows each term. This term Ive been incredibly lucky to be a part of a production of Richard III by the MIT Shakespeare Ensemble, one of our four main student theater groups (Musical Theater Guild, Gilbert Sullivan Players, and Dramashop being the other three). The cast and crew (of which many of us are both) are now almost finished with a month of very hard work, excitement, creativity, superhumanly fast costume changes and late-night power-tool construction and are incredibly proud of what weve created. Heres a short behind-the-scenes look at the process of bringing our collective baby, Richard III to the stage. Grace Kane 11 and Chris Smith 12 as Lady Anne and Richard. When most people think of Shakespeare they imagine old English men in ruffs reciting iambic pentameter at arms length to a skull. Nothing could be further from our production, which sets Shakespeares playwritten about a fifteenth-century civil warin an alternate version of modern-day America. Director Susanna Harris Noon says that when reading the play she began to see parallels between the ambitious King Richard IIIs murderous rise to the throne and the power-hungry politicians of today. This created some interesting challenges for both directors, designers, and actors. And, Ill admit, rather appropriate for a theater group that primarily uses its fake Yoric-from-Hamlet skull as a cookie bowl. I asked each of the prod staff how they approached bringing Richard III to life. Starting Out: Envisioning the Play (Susanna Harris Noon, Director) When I first sat down with the script, I was honestly mostly worried about the length. It took me a month to cut down what turns out to be Shakespeares second longest play (next to Hamlet), to a running time of about 2 hours. I started out thinking of all the fun ways to play with setting it in a modern context. A scene in a bar. A press conference. Business meetings. However, some things didnt change (for instance, Richard and his cohorts all wear ceremonial daggers). I love that we changed many of the genders of the characters; having women involved in the politics makes it much more relevant to today. My goal is to direct a show that gives both the actors and the audience something to explore. Performing Shakespeare is absolutely one of the more rewarding experiences an actor can havethe deeper you go into these characters and the text, the more he gives you. Elise Kuo 11 curses the rest of the cast as Mad Margaret. Designing the Show One of the most fun parts of working on a show is being on the design team. The light, set, costume, props, hair make-up, and effects designers all have to work together to bring the directors vision to life, adding quite a bit of their own vision along the way. Some of our team were taught their skills in one of MITs many fantastic theater classes, while others simply joined a theater group and learned by doing. I asked some of them to talk about how they rose to the challenge of designing the show. Lights (Dan Perez 10) As a starting point for the lighting design, I was inspired by the artwork of Shepard Fairey and Frank Miller, among others. Their almost sculptural portraits and use of a restricted color palette seemed like a great foundation for the aesthetic of the alternate United States we were trying to create for Richard III. The elements of both artists work complemented the monochromatic scenic design and the contained use of color in the costume design. By choosing some specific images and collaborating with the director and other designers, the lighting design was driven in a direction much more exciting and compelling than if I wouldve approached the show without any research. It is composed of severly angled lights and shadows that are filled in with saturated colors and graphic textures. Once I had a good sense of what the show should look like and had seen a couple of rehearsals, I created a light plot (a map of the theater detailing where lights should be placed) and chose color filt ers that would achieve the looks of each individual scene. An example of one of the lighting effects used. Scenic Design (Kellas Cameron 10, Set Designer, and Grace Kane 11, Scenic Painter) Scenic desing involves two main challenges: building a set that fulfills the practical needs of the play and also capturing the plays themes and ideas. Because of Richard IIIs modern setting, we were wary of trying to make the set too real for fear of anchoring it to a particular modern-day place or person. The set is stark and clean, providing a perfect backdrop for lights, costumes, and actors to be displayed against. All the set features are there for a purposein some cases several. The tower, for example, doubles as Richards presidential balcony and as the prison where he has his young nephew murdered. Despite the modern setting, we went back to medieval England for symbolic inspirationthe designs on the presidential banners of Richard and his predecessor Edward IV are taken from the original Plantagenet coats of arms. The original hand-sketch of the set layout. Final set. Costume Design (Emily King 09 and Naomi Hinchen 11) One of the biggest challenges in costuming Richard III was dealing with the doubled (and tripled, and quadrupled) roles. Together, the thirteen actors in the cast played twenty-nine distinct partssome of which changed costumes over the course of the play. Add in the modern, White House setting, and its a real challenge to distinguish between two dozen characters running around in suits. We were very concerned about distinguishing between the different characters played by the same actor and so tried to make each costume distinct. For instance, Catesby, Lady Anne, and 2nd Murderer are all played by the same actress. Of these, Catesby wears the closest thing to a suit (though, unlike in the orignal, our Catesby is female). Anne is the only character in a dress, which makes her stand out as a very different personality from all the other suit-wearing characters. And the murderer gives an opportunity to break out of the realm of suits completely. Grace Kane 11 transforms from the aristocratic Lady Anne to ambitious politician Catesby, via a 15-year-old hired murderer. Another challenge was to give visual cues to tie together certain groups of people. The indication of rank we chose to makr the King is a royal purple sash, which allowed us to use color to connect the members of the royal family. Until King Edwards death, Queen Elizabeth wears a shirt of the same color as the sash, and Rivers and Dorset, Elizabeths brother and son, have purple ties. This marks them as members of the same group, and the subsequent loss of the purple garments shows their loss of power following Edwards death. At Richards coronation, he gains the purple sash along with the kingship and the power hes been seeking. Projection Effects (Megan Nimura, MIT Staff: Energy Initiative) One of the greatest challenges of Richard III was the ghost scenea dream sequence where Richard is tormented by the ghosts of his dead victims. Though often cut from productions because of its logistical difficulty, our team decided to take on the challenge. Megan Nimura, who designed and edited the video, explains how it was made. When approaching a scene like the ghost scene in Richard III, a director can choose to play it in many different ways. Because our director, Susanna, wanted to modernize our production, it gave us more creative license with this scene. Susanna decided to attempt a video that would be projected onto the set. We shot all of the actors playing ghosts on one day using only two lights to create more contrast on the faces. We added some make-up to create even more contrast and then made all the decisions about effects in post-production. After choosing the best clips and then splicing them together, we were able to add some very fun visual and audio effects. I worked in collaboration with Susanna to create a cohesive final project with my visionskeletal, vampire-like facesand herscolor-washed and other-worldly floating heads. After adding some of my effects with the color of her vision, we played with audio reverberation and echo effects as well as adding additional audio tracks to emphasi ze certain action words. We then worked with the sound designer in creating a backtrack and intro music. Murdered princes Brianna Conrad 11 and Anna Brunner 12 don ghostly make-up in preparation for the photoshoot. The murdered princes as projected in the final effect. Rehearsal in Progress The rehearsal period for our spring shows is very short, only around four weeks. Its crucial for all the actors to be on the ball for every rehearsal. Particularly important are the fight scenes, which have to be carefully choreographed (here by our fight director, Noel Morales 12) and practiced continually to ensure no one gets hurt. Hired murderer James Tyrrel (Jacob Austin-Brenemann 13) rehearses killing the young Prince of York (Anna Brunner 12). Tech Week: Bringing It All Together Tech week, which for us is now drawing to a close, is the most crazy, hectic part of the whole crazy, hectic process. From Saturday to Wednesday, lights have to be hung, the set has to be built, costumes finished and cues programmed, and the cast has to get used to acting in their peformance space for the first time. This is the part of the process where the whole cast and crew really have to come together and put in all the effort they can to make the show the best it can be. Its tough, but also a whole lot of fun. Part of that might be due to having people you can construct a stage with until 3am, then pset with til 5am while still having a great time Producer Elaina Present 12 having fun with power tools. Technical Director Brianna Conrad 11 and Master Carpenter Paul Romer 12 take a break from construction to survey their set. Hair Make-up Designer Sarah Laderman 12 creating a scar for King Richard (Chris Smith 12) before a dress rehearsal. which, in the end, is what its all about. What really makes the show are the wonderful people that we get to hang out with all through the process and with whom we manage to create something we can all be proud of. RICHARD III opens today and runs Thursday to Saturday March 1113 and 1820. For more information about the show and about the MIT Shakespeare Ensemble in general, visit our website at http://web.mit.edu/ensemble/www/.

Marketing Options For Restaurants And Luxury Retailers For...

GiltCity Review GiltCity targets upscale restaurants and luxury retailers for daily deals and other incentives, which distinguishes the company from the crowded field of coupon-selling companies. Although this marketing option is only available in limited cities in the United States, fine dining restaurants can reach targeted customers who earn more than $100,000 annually. GiltCity incentives aren t always financial but often include perks like backstage access to concerts and entertainment venues, conversations with the head chef, celebrity meet-and-greets and other value-based inducements. Of course, worrying about devaluing your upscale restaurant by offering discounts might not matter as much as you always feared. Upscale restaurants can often set their own rules, based on their customers, cuisine and reputations. We ve regularly warned restaurateurs in our posts about the dangers of devaluing their brands by offering too many incentives and running coupons that reduce regular prices, except for BOGO offers. A recent report by the University of Maryland s Business School confirmed the Groupon effect that devalues restaurants that offer big discounts. Clinical studies and analyses proved that Groupon-style offers can damage restaurant reputations, especially eateries that offer lower priced meals.[1] However, the study found that upscale restaurants tended to be immune from this risk, possibly because their customers don t expect to get lower prices on every visit.Show MoreRelatedMarketing and Product Essay12745 Words   |  51 PagesDirected Study in Marketing Chapter 1 Marketing’s Value to Consumers, Firms, and Society Questions and Problems 1. List your activities for the first two hours after you woke up this morning. Briefly indicate how marketing affected your activities. a. 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C) It helps to build a loyal customer base but has no impact on a firms intangible assets. D) It is more important for bigger organizations than smaller ones. E) It is seldom used by nonprofitRead MoreMarketing Principle Quiz20161 Words   |  81 Pageswell it made the soap and not on what customers wanted from a bar of soap. It had a _____ orientation. | | | | | Selected Answer: |   a.   production | Correct Answer: |   a.   production | Feedback: | The production orientation forces a company to build whatever it builds best, that is, whatever it has the experience and expertise in doing. | | | | |   Ã‚  Question 2 | 1 out of 1 points    | | Redefining the business mission of a mattress manufacturer as â€Å"a good night’s sleep,†

The War Of Sweetheart Circle Essay - 872 Words

In the early morning of October 10, 2015, the Heffeweissen troops were forced to arrange and arm themselves in the most ill prepared manner. Heffeweissen, where few of the soldiers were from, was a poor nation with a benevolent ruler—Landgrave Frederick XXII. In his attempt to compensate the nation’s depleted treasury, Landgrave Frederick XXII rented out thousands of soldiers to other national militaries—one of which was under Solomon Rex of Britain. Under General Rex, the soldiers, or Heffians, arranged themselves in a military formation of about twenty men. Despite, their substantial amount of manpower to support General Rex’s loyalist cause, most—if not all—of them were untrained for war, were inexperienced with weapons, and—above all—were insufficient in battle strategies. The War of Sweetheart Circle ultimately initiated at 10:07 AM. In the preceding minutes of the war, the Heffeweissen troops loosely gathered themselves under huddles of enormous trees, proposing who would be leader and who would assume specific tasks. In the few minutes of controversy for leadership, the Heffians finally determined their leader; however, individual tasks were yet to be established. As time progressed, the Loyalist troops wearily advanced to their base, trudging their feet across muddied paths. Already, there was uncertainty plaguing the troops. Roaring echoes of thunder and pellets of rain immediately troubled the discouraged troops. 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Motivation Leadership Journal Assignment Free Essays

Journal Assignment What kind of work do you do? Subject is part owner to a computer T1/T2 provider. How long have you been doing it? Subject has being working there for 17 years. Can you describe a typical work day? Subject states that she is on the board and that she overlooks board’s requirements, check incoming and outgoing contracts, mediator, and she sets up all the rules and regulations for the cooperation. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation Leadership Journal Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why did you end up doing this work? What kind of person often does this sort of work? (And would they consider themselves typical? Subject stated that she wanted to do this because she wanted to start her own business so that they could help financially stabilize friends, family members, and partners. The sort of person who often does this sort of work is an A typical person who is controlling and strives to have more out of life than what is typical. What do you like about this work? Subject states that she likes the diversity which is incorporated through dealing with other companies and also the staff at the company. What is difficult about this work? The difficulty is how people bond to easily which brings their personal life into their work life and how they are not able to separate friendship and work relationship. This open doors to issues like sexual harassment, misconduct, and theft. How do (customers, others in the company†¦ ) treat you? What do they think about the job you do? [Adapt this question to fit your particular interview–try to get at how they think they are treated based on their work. ] Subject states that others are afraid of her and extremely intimidated. Subject states that they do not want the job that she does but they enjoy working for the company. How does being a (fill in the blank with a salient cultural category: man, older person, African-American, 20-something, etc. ) play into the work you do? Subject states that initially there were barrier because of the stuffy suits that could not with having a woman in charge. There was open defiance, rudeness, and vulgarity. Subject states that she fired member’s board due to their insubordination. Has this work changed the way you think about yourself, about the world? Subject states that she has the ability to separate her work life and personal life. Subject states that she is now a cold, calculating, malicious, and deviant individual due to the desire to have more money and more business for the company as whole. Subject states that personally she is a caring, loving individual but as far as the world goes she believes that there are too many lazy individuals that don’t want to take responsibility for ensuring that task are completed. Subject feels that everyone wants a handout and does not want to earn their livelihood. What are some cultural values that are important to you (can be family, work, or interpersonal)? Do you think these are similar to or different from mainstream American culture? Please explain your ideas. Subject states that the business world is so much more complicated and unsympathetic to race, religion, politics, and sexuality. Subject states that they really don’t care about cultural values as long as you can perform your job. She also stated that in the business world they are aesthetic creatures who use whatever means necessary to get to the next level. She believes that this is very different from mainstream American culture, almost to the point of being anti-social. What do you like best about American culture? What do you like least? (Even if the person is American, they will have an opinion about this question that gives you some insight about how they view things from their perspective. ) Subjects like the fact that the American culture has a huge melting pot of candidates who are brilliant and talented in the profession that they choose. Due to this fact when the company is in need of candidates with a specific talent it is easier to find a candidate who fits the mold for that position. Analysis Think about your interview, the person, and their work. Please consider these questions as you write your journal assignment: What aspects of this person’s work determine or indicate their status relative to others? The subjects work environment is one which a wealth of knowledge is extremely necessary in order to be successful. The subject is in the process of completing 4 doctorate degrees. Due to the fact that she is head of the board of directors she is looked up to by her subordinates and is expected to be knowledgeable in all areas of the company. She is a bit anti-social yet still remains professional and approachable to the lowest ranking individual at the company. What are some of the connections between this person’s work experience and gender, race, age, and /or ethnicity (etc. )? The actual subject was of Cherokee Indian heritage and this heritage seemed to be at the center of how the subject intertwines her work and still remains true to her culture and tribe. Most of the subject’s knowledge is in large part of how she was raised on the reservation coupled with her age which helps to emphasize the important of maturity when making sound decisions. What kinds of attitudes, values, and behaviors does this person’s work culture encourage? The attitudes, values, and behaviors that are displayed at their work culture is that of an air of self-motivation. The individual employee is held accountable for their own success or failure. Excuses are unacceptable. Their also seems to be a nonchalant attitude about their employees values. From what I gleaned from the interview what you believe in does not matter to the employee as long as you are doing your job to the best of your ability. What attitudes and values, held by this person, were similar to your own, and which were different? The attitudes and values of the subject were much in line with mine. The subject believes in receiving reward for hard work done and if you do not do the work you do not receive compensation. I did not like the fact that the subject refused to consider the cultural needs of the employee. I believe this may cause problems for them later on down the line. From this interview, what can give us insight into communicating across cultures or across work cultures? In my opinion communicating across cultures or work cultures takes a combined effort. Everyone in the company has to be open to the idea of using their talents which may have manifested due to elements from that individuals culture. Communication is not a one-sided instrument. In order for it to be effective the employer has to take steps to ensure that there are open lines of communication no matter what an employee’s background may be. In the end I believe that organizations only conform to the idea of culture because they are forced to. How to cite Motivation Leadership Journal Assignment, Essay examples

The Policies and Documentation IPv4 vs. IPv6

Table of Contents Ipv4 Ipv6 Ipv4 vs. Ipv6 Characteristics of Ipv4 Characteristics of Ipv6 Conclusion References The Internet Protocols are supposed to be the world’s most accepted open system protocol suite since they are used to communicate across through interconnected networks and are favorable for LAN and WAN communications. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) are very popular suites of communication protocols.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Policies and Documentation: IPv4 vs. IPv6 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They first came into existence in the mid of 1970 due to the interest of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in establishing a packet switched network. Cisco Systems (2003) reported that Standford University and Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) funded DARPA research program. Their main aim was to achieve the target of diverse activitie s in mind. Cisco Systems (2003) further mentioned that Berkeley Software distribution (BSD) UNIX included TCP/IP later and since then the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) are based on this foundation (Cisco Systems, 2003, ch 35, p.569). Cisco Systems (2003) discovered that the policies and documentation of the Internet protocols are stated in technical reports. These reports are called as Request For Comments (RFCs). They were first published and after that they were reviewed by the Internet community. Protocol refinements are brought out by the new RFCs (Cisco Systems, 2003, ch 35, p.569). According to Cisco Systems (2003), the internet protocol is a network layer. It is made of addressing information and some control information. These information set the route of the packets. It is the primary layer protocol accepted in RFC 791. IP is the central pump of Internet protocols in conjunction with Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It has two main responsibilities: best delivery of datagram through an internet work; and providing fragmentation of datagram to support data links with the help of different maximum transmission unit (MTU) sizes (Cisco Systems, ch.35, p.570, 2003). Ipv4 Internet Protocol version 4, which is Ipv4, is an arrangement of addresses that is used to spot devices on a network. This protocol was developed in 1981 in RFC791. It has been the most popular internet protocol layer that is used extensively. At present it is used by a large number of people to connect to the internet (Ipv6 Act Now, Para 1).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ipv4 addresses contain 32 –bit numbers. It means there are approximately 4 billion addresses. At the same time it also has become obvious that more addresses will be needed for the growth of internet.Ipv4 addresses are supposed to be run out in the next two years that is why it’s alternative which is Ipv6 i s needed for the proper arrangement of the messages (Ipv6 Act Now, Para 2). Ipv6 Internet Protocol Version 4 is very well accepted widely today but it is doubtful whether it can serve internet community or not. As it was developed in 1970s, it is now supposed to be very old. Now the most up-to-date Internet protocol is Ipv6. The RFCs available on the internet do not have many details on the performance of Ipv6. It is very difficult to understand these documents at the first time. They also need some commitment to go through RFCs number which is associated with many subjects concerned with Ipv6 development. There are controversies to consider Ipv6 as a standard protocol because it lacks addressing. Many specialists believe that Ipv4 already has approximately four billion addresses. Government agencies and large organizations receive multiple large blocks in spite of the large number of these addresses. Ipv6 can solve many problems but it is still not developed properly (Cisco Systems , ch.36, p.589, 2003). Since 1990s Ipv6 is being worked by many Engineers. Many RFCs have been written on many areas like simplified header format, expanded addressing and privacy (Cisco Systems, ch.36, p.589, 2003). Cisco Systems (2003) describe that expanded addressing includes 128-bit addressing method that is different from 32-bit address. This addressing system supports newer broadcasting methods and inserts hexadecimal into the IP address. Cisco Systems (2003) further says that Ipv6 packet header is 40 bits long and the format includes Destination Address, Version, Payload Field, Label Class, Flow, Hop Limit, Source Address, Next Header and Payload Length. (Cisco Systems, ch.36, p.589, 590,2003). Though Ipv4 is easily implemented, interoperable and robust and has been tested on scaling an internet work, yet this initial design did not expect the following things (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 1): The growth of internet and the imminent exhaustion of the Ipv4 address space: Ipv4 addresses have become very limited. In Introduction to Ipv6 (2005, Para 2) it is mentioned that some of the organizations unwillingly make use of a network address translator for arranging multiple private addresses which happen on a single public IP address. NATs support recycling of the private address space but they do not favor standards-based network layer. Two organizations can face problems while being connected and using the private address space. Now it is being assumed that growing importance of internet connected devices can diminish the public Ipv4 address space (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 2). According to Introduction to Ipv6 (para3, 2005), the ability of internet backbone routers for maintaining large routing tables: The present Ipv4 internet routing infrastructure takes account of both flat and hierarchical routing. (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 3). Simpler Configuration requirement: Introduction to Ipv6 (Para 4, 2005) focuses on the recent Ipv4 implem entations and mentions that they should be either manually or through a stateful address configuration protocol like Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Since more computers and devices use IP, easier and more automatic configuration of addresses is necessary. There is a need of such kind of arrangement which do not depend on the management of a DHCP infrastructure (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 4). IP level needs security at some levels: The internet is the public means for private communication. It needs encryption services which protect the data sent from viewed during transmission (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 5). Better support for real time delivery of data is also required: In Introduction to Ipv6 (Para 6, 2005) it is mentioned that Ipv4 has some standards for quality of service (QoS) where real time traffic support depends on the Ipv4 Type of Service (TOS) field and the identification of the payload. It further says that it has been observed that the role of T OS in Ipv4 is very not as much as necessary rather it has different explanations. (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 6). In Introduction to Ipv6 (Para 7, 2005) it is mentioned that the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is concerned with the limitations of Ipv4 as mentioned above so it has developed a suite of protocols and standards which is popular as IP Version 6 (Ipv6).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Policies and Documentation: IPv4 vs. IPv6 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It further tells that Ipv6 was previously named as IP-The next Generation (Ipng). It gives attention to updating the Ipv4 protocol by including many proposed methods. It is globally planned to give less effect on upper and lower layer protocols by not following the illogical addition of new features (Introduction to Ipv6, 2005, Para 7). Ipv6 has some innovative broadcasting methods as follows: Unicast: It is a communication amid a single host and receiver. Packets which are sent to a Unicast address are delivered to the interface that is known to the address (Cisco Systems, 2003, ch.36, p.591). Sadao Yamaguchi (2003) discover that it was not at all clear in Ipv4 either a network interface or a node has been assigned an address but Ipv6 explicitly describes that an address is put together on each network interface. Sadao Yamaguchi (2003) states that Ipv6 unicast address can be separated by scopes: Global scope is for worldly communication; site scope is for site and link scope is for local link. It has uses within a router boundary (Sadao Yamaguchi, 2003, Para 5 6). Multicast: Sadao Yamaguchi (2003) affirms that multicast is built up for a multicast group. A particular multicast group can trace multiple nodes and then the group can be given out a multicast address. Sadao Yamaguchi (2003) further mentions that the multicast addresses will be precised through the broadcasting nodes and then it will send pack ets to all nodes in the multicast group. Scopes like global, organization-local, site-local, node-local and link-local can be associated with this feature (Sadao Yamaguchi, 2003, Para 1, 2 6). The Ipv4 has small space for address though in Ipv6 multicast can be conducted more freely (Sadao Yamaguchi, 2003, Para 1, 2 6). Anycast: Sadao Yamaguchi (2003) describes that Anycast address is newly introduced in Ipv6. It has some specific functions. Nodes and interface are not distributed to it. It sends packet to the adjacent node in the group. Its activity is just opposite to the function of multicast. A specific address range is not distributed here. To a certain extent it is given unicast address range. It has three scopes which are similar to unicast address but its use is no very clear. (Sadao Yamaguchi, 2003, Para 1, 2 3). Ipv4 vs. Ipv6 There are many variations between Internet Protocol Version 4 and Internet Protocol Version 6 however the main difference is in the length of add ress (Amit Vartak, 2007). For finding out differences between these two versions of internet protocol, we will first analyze the characteristics of Ipv4 and then we will examine the characteristics of Ipv6 (Ipv4 vs. Ipv6: Guides and Tutorials, 2008). Characteristics of Ipv4 Its addresses are as long as 32 bits. Ipsec support is discretionary in Ipv4. A checksum is found in header. Its header is not well-known to the packet flow. Here routers and sending host both divide packets Header has some choices to be made. Internet Group Management Protocol supervises local subnet groups’ membership. Address Resolution Protocol makes use of broadcast frames to determine an IP address. Broadcast addresses manage the traffic to all nodes. For deciding the Ipv4 address, ICMP router discovery is used. It must be built up either by manually or by DHCP. It uses host address (A) resource records in Domain Name System for Ipv4 addresses’ host name Ipv4 vs. Ipv6: Guides and Tutorials (2 008) discover that Ipv4 uses pointer resource records I the IN-ADDR ARPA DNS domain for Ipv4 addresses to host names. Characteristics of Ipv6 Its addresses are as long as 128 bits. Its header has a field called Flow Label that recognizes packet flow. Here sending host fragments packets and routers do not fragment packets. Checksum are not found in its header. Ipv6 extension headers contain all optional data. The resolution of IP addresses depend upon Multicast Neighbor Solicitation messages. Multicast Listener Discovery takes charge of the local subnet groups. For deciding the Ipv4 address, ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement Messages are used. They are not discretionary. It uses a link local scope. It does not need manual configuration or DHCP. It uses host address (AAA) resource records in Domain Name System for Ipv6 addresses’ host names. Ipv4 vs. Ipv6: Guides and Tutorials (2008) discover that Ipv6 uses pointer resource records in the IP6 ARPA DNS domain for Ipv4 addresses to host names. Conclusion The population of the world is compelling to switch from Ipv4 to Ipv6. It’s all happening due to the growth in population. It is assumed that in future almost all the vehicles will be networked to use Onstar or other navigational devices and that time IP’s will be required. Looking at these situations we need more exclusive IP’s than we have at present (Ipv4 vs. Ipv6- ipv6 the future, 2005, Para 4). References Cisco Systems (2003) Internetworking technologies handbook (p.1078), Edition: 4, Cisco Press. Web. Introduction to IPv6 (2005), Microsoft TechNet. Web. IPv4 vs. IPv6: Guides and Tutorials (2008), TechArena Community. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More IPv4 vs. IPv6- IPv6 the future (2005). Web. Vartak, Amit (2007) IPv4 vs. IPv6, Security Beta. Web. What is Ipv4? Ipv4 Act Now. Web. Yamaguchi, Sadao (2003), Unicast, Multicast and Anycast, Ipv6style. Web. This essay on The Policies and Documentation: IPv4 vs. IPv6 was written and submitted by user IronLad to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Differences Between Population and Sample Standard Deviations

Differences Between Population and Sample Standard Deviations When considering standard deviations, it may come as a surprise that there are actually two that can be considered. There is a population standard deviation and there is a sample standard deviation. We will distinguish between the two of these and highlight their differences. Qualitative Differences Although both standard deviations measure variability, there are differences between a population and a sample standard deviation. The first has to do with the distinction between statistics and parameters. The population standard deviation is a parameter, which is a fixed value calculated from every individual in the population. A sample standard deviation is a statistic. This means that it is calculated from only some of the individuals in a population. Since the sample standard deviation depends upon the sample, it has greater variability. Thus the standard deviation of the sample is greater than that of the population. Quantitative Difference We will see how these two types of standard deviations are different from one another numerically. To do this we consider the formulas for both the sample standard deviation and the population standard deviation. The formulas to calculate both of these standard deviations are nearly identical: Calculate the mean.Subtract the mean from each value to obtain deviations from the mean.Square each of the deviations.Add together all of these squared deviations. Now the calculation of these standard deviations differs: If we are calculating the population standard deviation, then we divide by n,  the number of data values.If we are calculating the sample standard deviation, then we divide by n -1, one less than the number of data values. The final step, in either of the two cases that we are considering,  is to take the square root of the quotient from the previous step. The larger the value of n is, the closer that the population and sample standard deviations will be. Example Calculation To compare these two calculations, we will start with the same data set: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8 We next carry out all of the steps that are common to both calculations.  Following this out calculations will diverge from one another and we will distinguish between the population and sample standard deviations. The mean is (1 2 4 5 8) / 5 20/5 4. The deviations are found by subtracting the mean from each value: 1 - 4 -32 - 4 -24 - 4   05 - 4 18 - 4 4. The deviations squared are as follows: (-3)2 9(-2)2 402 012 142 16 We now add these squared deviations and see that their sum is 9 4 0 1 16 30. In our first calculation, we will treat our data as if it is the entire population.  We divide by the number of data points, which is five.  This means that the population variance is 30/5 6.  The population standard deviation is the square root of 6. This is approximately 2.4495. In our second calculation, we will treat our data as if it is a sample and not the entire population.  We divide by one less than the number of data points.  So, in this case, we divide by four.  This means that the sample variance is 30/4 7.5.  The sample standard deviation is the square root of 7.5.  This is approximately 2.7386. It is very evident from this example that there is a difference between the population and sample standard deviations.

Biography of José Francisco de San Martín, Latin American Liberator

Biography of Josà © Francisco de San Martà ­n, Latin American Liberator Josà © Francisco de San Martà ­n (February 25, 1778–August 17, 1850) was an Argentine general and governor who led his nation during the wars of Independence from Spain. He is counted among the founding fathers of Argentina and also led the liberations of Chile and Peru. Fast Facts: Josà © Francisco de San Martà ­n Known For:  Leading or helping to lead the liberations of Argentina, Chile and Peru from Spain.Born: February 25, 1778 in Yapeyu, Province of Corrientes, Argentina.Parents: Juan de San Martà ­n and Gregoria Matorras.Died:  August 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.Education: Seminary of Nobles, enrolled as cadet in the Murcia infantry regiment.Published Works:  Antologà ­a.Spouse: Marà ­a de los Remedios de Escalada de la Quintana.Child: Marà ­a de las Mercedes Tomasa de San Martà ­n y Escalada.Notable Quote: The soldiers of our land know no luxury, but glory. Early Life Josà © Francisco de San Martin was born on February 25, 1878 in Yapeyu in the Province of Corrientes, Argentina, the youngest son of Lieutenant Juan de San Martà ­n, the Spanish governor. Yapeyu was a beautiful town on the Uruguay River, and young Josà © lived a privileged life there as the governors son. His dark complexion caused many whispers about his parentage while he was young, although it would serve him well later in life. When Josà © was seven years old, his father was recalled to Spain and returned with his family. In Spain, Josà © attended good schools, including the Seminary of Nobles where he showed skill in math and joined the army as a cadet at the young age of eleven. By seventeen he was a lieutenant and had seen action in North Africa and France. Military Career with the Spanish At the age of 19, he was serving with the Spanish navy, fighting the British on several occasions. At one point, his ship was captured, but he was returned to Spain in a prisoner exchange. He fought in Portugal and at the blockade of Gibraltar, and rose swiftly in rank as he proved to be a skilled and loyal soldier. When France invaded Spain in 1806, he fought against them on several occasions, eventually rising to the rank of Adjutant-General. He commanded a regiment of dragoons, very skilled light cavalry. This accomplished career soldier and war hero seemed the most unlikely of candidates to defect and join the insurgents in South America, but thats exactly what he did. Joining the Rebels In September of 1811, San Martin boarded a British ship in Cadiz with the intention of returning to Argentina, where he had not been since the age of seven, and joining the Independence movement there. His motives remain unclear  but may have had to do with San Martà ­ns ties to the Masons, many of whom were pro-Independence. He was the highest ranking Spanish officer to defect to the patriot side in all of Latin America. He arrived in Argentina in March of 1812 and at first, he was greeted with suspicion by Argentine leaders, but he soon proved his loyalty and ability. San Martà ­n accepted a modest command, but made the most of it, ruthlessly drilling his recruits into a coherent fighting force. In January of 1813, he defeated a small Spanish force that had been harassing settlements on the Parana River. This victory - one of the first for Argentines against the Spanish - captured the imagination of the Patriots, and before long San Martà ­n was head of all of the armed forces in Buenos Aires. The Lautaro Lodge San Martà ­n was one of the leaders of the Lautaro Lodge, a secretive, Mason-like group dedicated to complete liberty for all of Latin America. The Lautaro Lodge members were sworn to secrecy and so little is known about their rituals or even their membership, but they formed the heart of the Patriotic Society, a more public institution which consistently applied political pressure for greater freedom and independence. The presence of similar lodges in Chile and Peru aided the independence effort in those nations as well. Lodge members often held high government posts. Argentinas Army of the North, under the command of General Manuel Belgrano, had been fighting royalist forces from Upper Peru (now Bolivia) to a stalemate. In October 1813, Belgrano was defeated at the Battle of Ayahuma and San Martà ­n was sent to relieve him. He took command in January of 1814 and soon mercilessly drilled the recruits into a formidable fighting force. He decided it would be foolish to attack uphill into fortified Upper Peru. He felt that a far better plan of attack would be to cross the Andes in the south, liberate Chile, and attack Peru from the south and by sea. He would never forget his plan, even though it would take him years to fulfill. Preparations for the Invasion of Chile San Martà ­n accepted the governorship of the Province of Cuyo in 1814 and set up shop in the city of Mendoza, which at that time was receiving numerous Chilean Patriots going into exile after the crushing Patriot defeat at the Battle of Rancagua. The Chileans were divided even amongst themselves, and San Martà ­n made the fateful decision to support Bernardo OHiggins over Jose Miguel Carrera and his brothers. Meanwhile, in northern Argentina, the Army of the north had been defeated by the Spanish, clearly proving once and for all that the route to Peru through Upper Peru (Bolivia) would be too difficult. In July of 1816, San Martà ­n finally got approval for his plan to cross into Chile and attack Peru from the south from President Juan Martà ­n de Pueyrredà ³n. The Army of the Andes San Martà ­n immediately began recruiting, outfitting and drilling the Army of the Andes. By the end of 1816, he had an army of some 5,000 men, including a healthy mix of infantry, cavalry, artillerymen and support forces. He recruited officers and accepted tough Gauchos into his army, usually as horsemen. Chilean exiles were welcome, and he appointed OHiggins as his immediate subordinate. There was even a regiment of British soldiers who would fight bravely in Chile. San Martà ­n was obsessed with details, and the army was as well equipped and trained as he could make it. The horses all had shoes, blankets, boots, and weapons were procured, the food was ordered and preserved, etc. No detail was too trivial for San Martà ­n and the Army of the Andes, and his planning would pay off when the army crossed the Andes. Crossing the Andes In January of 1817, the army set off. The Spanish forces in Chile were expecting him and he knew it. Should the Spanish decide to defend the pass he chose, he could face a hard battle with weary troops. But he fooled the Spanish by mentioning an incorrect route in confidence to some Indian allies. As he had suspected, the Indians were playing both sides and sold the information to the Spanish. Therefore, the royalist armies were far to the south of where San Martà ­n actually crossed. The crossing was arduous, as flatland soldiers and Gauchos struggled with the freezing cold and high altitudes, but San Martà ­ns meticulous planning paid off and he lost relatively few men and animals. In February of 1817, the Army of the Andes entered Chile unopposed. The Battle of Chacabuco The Spanish soon realized they had been duped and scrambled to keep the Army of the Andes out of Santiago. The Governor, Casimiro Marcà ³ del Pont, sent all available forces out under the command of General Rafael Maroto with the purpose of delaying San Martà ­n until reinforcements could arrive. They met at the  Battle of Chacabuco  on February 12, 1817. The result was a huge patriot victory: Maroto was completely routed, losing half his force, while the Patriot losses were negligible. The Spanish in Santiago fled, and San Martà ­n rode triumphantly into the city at the head of his army. The Battle of Maipu San Martà ­n still believed that for Argentina and Chile to be truly free, the Spanish needed to be removed from their stronghold in Peru. Still covered in glory from his triumph at Chacabuco, he returned to Buenos Aires to get funds and reinforcements. News from Chile soon brought him hurrying back across the Andes. Royalist and Spanish forces in southern Chile had joined with reinforcements and were threatening Santiago. San Martà ­n took charge of the patriot forces once more and met the Spanish at  the Battle of Maipu  on April 5, 1818. The Patriots crushed the Spanish army, killing some 2,000, capturing around 2,200 and seizing all of the Spanish artillery. The stunning victory at Maipu marked the definitive liberation of Chile: Spain would never again mount a serious threat to the area. On to Peru With Chile finally secure, San Martin could set his sights on Peru at last. He began building or acquiring a navy for Chile: a tricky task, given that the governments in Santiago and  Buenos Aires  were virtually bankrupt. It was difficult to make Chileans and Argentines see the benefits of liberating Peru, but San Martà ­n had great prestige by then and he was able to convince them. In August of 1820, he departed from Valparaiso with a modest army of some 4,700 soldiers and 25 cannons, well supplied with horses, weapons, and food. It was a smaller force than what San Martà ­n believed he would need. March to Lima San Martà ­n believed that the best way to liberate Peru was to get the Peruvian people to accept independence voluntarily. By 1820, royalist Peru was an isolated outpost of Spanish influence. San Martà ­n had liberated Chile and Argentina to the south, and  Simà ³n Bolà ­var  and Antonio Josà © de Sucre had freed Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela to the north, leaving only Peru and present-day Bolivia under Spanish rule. San Martà ­n had brought a printing press with him on the expedition, and he began bombarding citizens of Peru with pro-independence propaganda. He maintained a steady correspondence with Viceroys Joaquà ­n de la Pezuela and Josà © de la Serna in which he urged them to accept the inevitability of independence and surrender willingly in order to avoid bloodshed. Meanwhile, San Martà ­ns army was closing in on Lima. He captured Pisco on September 7 and Huacho on November 12. Viceroy La Serna responded by moving the royalist army from Lima to the defensible port of Callao in July of 1821, basically abandoning the city of Lima to San Martà ­n. The people of Lima, who feared an uprising by slaves and Indians more than they feared the army of Argentines and Chileans at their doorstep, invited  San Martin  into the city. On July 12, 1821, he triumphantly entered Lima to the cheers of the populace. Protector of Peru On July 28, 1821, Peru officially declared independence, and on August 3, San Martà ­n was named Protector of Peru and set about setting up a government. His brief rule was enlightened and marked by stabilizing the economy, freeing slaves, giving freedom to the Peruvian Indians and abolishing such hateful institutions as censorship and the Inquisition. The Spanish had armies at the port of Callao and high in the mountains. San Martà ­n starved out the garrison at Callao and waited for the Spanish army to attack him along the narrow, easily defended coastline leading to Lima: they wisely declined, leaving a sort of stalemate. San Martà ­n would later be accused of cowardice for failing to seek out the Spanish army, but to do so would have been foolish and unnecessary. Meeting of the Liberators Meanwhile, Simà ³n Bolà ­var and Antonio Josà © de Sucre were sweeping down out of the north, chasing the Spanish out of northern  South America. San Martà ­n and Bolà ­var met in Guayaquil in July of 1822 to decide how to proceed. Both men came away with a negative impression of the other. San Martà ­n decided to step down and allow Bolà ­var the glory of crushing the final Spanish resistance in the mountains. His decision was most likely made because he knew that they would not get along and one of them would have to step aside, which Bolà ­var would never do. Retirement and Death San Martà ­n returned to Peru, where he had become a controversial figure. Some adored him and wanted him to become King of Peru, while others detested him and wanted him out of the nation completely. The staid soldier soon tired of the endless bickering and backstabbing of government life and abruptly retired. By September of 1822, he was out of Peru and back in Chile. When he heard that his beloved wife Remedios was ill, he hastened back to Argentina but she died before he reached her side. San Martà ­n soon decided that he was better off elsewhere, and took his young daughter Mercedes to Europe. They settled in France. In 1829, Argentina called him back to help settle a dispute with Brazil which eventually would lead to the establishment of the nation of Uruguay. He returned, but by the time he reached Argentina the tumultuous government had once again changed and he was not welcome. He spent two months in Montevideo before returning once again to France. There he led a quiet life before passing away in 1850. Personal Life San Martà ­n was a consummate military professional, who lived a  Spartan  life. He had little tolerance for dances, festivals and showy parades, even when they were in his honor (unlike Bolà ­var, who loved such pomp and pageantry). He was loyal to his beloved wife during most of his campaigns, only taking a clandestine lover at the end of his fighting in Lima. His early wounds pained him greatly, and San Martin took a great deal of laudanum to relieve his suffering. Although it occasionally clouded his mind, it did not keep him from winning great battles. He enjoyed cigars and an occasional glass of wine. He refused almost all of the honors and rewards that grateful people of South America tried to give him, including rank, positions, land, and money. Legacy San Martà ­n had asked in his will that his heart is buried in Buenos Aires: in 1878 his remains were brought to the Buenos Aires Cathedral, where they still rest in a stately tomb. San Martà ­n is the greatest national hero of Argentina and he is considered a great hero by Chile and Peru as well. In Argentina, there are statues, streets, parks, and schools named after him wherever you go. As a liberator, his glory is as great or nearly as great as that of Simà ³n Bolà ­var. Like Bolà ­var, he was a visionary able to see beyond the confining borders of his own homeland and visualize a continent free of foreign rule. Also like Bolà ­var, he was constantly stymied by the petty ambitions of the lesser men who surrounded him. He differs from Bolà ­var chiefly in his actions after independence: while Bolà ­var exhausted the last of his energies fighting to unite South America into one great nation, San Martà ­n quickly tired of backstabbing politicians and retired to a quiet life in exile. The history of South America might have been very different had San Martà ­n remained involved in politics. He believed that the people of Latin America needed a firm hand to lead them and was a proponent of establishing a monarchy, preferably led by some European prince, in the lands he liberated. San Martà ­n was criticized during his life for cowardice for failing to chase nearby Spanish armies or for waiting for days in order to meet them on a ground of his choosing. History has borne out his decisions and today his military choices are held up as examples of martial prudence rather than cowardice. His life was full of courageous decisions, from deserting the Spanish army to fight for Argentina to crossing the Andes to  free Chile  and Peru, which were not his homeland. San Martà ­n was an outstanding general, courageous leader, and visionary politician and is very deserving of his heroic status in the nations he liberated. Sources Gray, William H. â€Å"The Social Reforms of San Martin.† The Americas 7.1, 1950. 3–11.Francisco San Martà ­n, Jose. Antologà ­a. Barcelona: Linkgua-Digital, 2019.Harvey, Robert.  Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence  Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John.  The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826  New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986.

New orleans after hurricane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New orleans after hurricane - Essay Example Many people in New Orleans experience post traumatic stress and need a lot of support and counseling to deal with this issue according to Rhoads, Pearman, and Rick (Nd). Nutrition and metabolism focus on food and fluid consumption patterns in relation to the metabolic needs according to Daniels and Daniels (2004). This involves evaluation of local nutrient supplies and their adequacy. In New Orleans, new restaurants have been established as well as new and improved types of foods such as praline, red beans and rice. The Foods Policy Advisory Committee has been established by the City Council of New Orleans to study access to health food access and reduce disparities experienced in accessing healthy food. Other issues such as problems related to tissue integrity, gastrointestinal system, fluid balance and host defense are also identified through this pattern. Elimination is a pattern where data collection focuses on patterns of excretion (Sonoma, nd). In New Orleans excretory problems including diarrhea and constipation were experienced due to disparities in food access after the hurricanes. Data collection is done annually by researchers in the health sector to establish changes in food consumption in New Orleans.

Recommendation Letter for Studying at the Oxford University Essay

Recommendation Letter for Studying at the Oxford University - Essay Example Since his graduation, he is conducting researches under my direct supervision as I am his scientific advisor for past two years. His dissertation topic is based on institutional aspects of states of Central Asian states. We co-operate each other strongly while handling different scientific and educational issues. Sergey has shown great efficiency and accuracy in carrying out his responsibilities while working on joint scientific projects (like ‘World Political dynamics’). He also has an innovative and creative approach towards problem-solving. The qualities of responsible nature, positive energy and optimism have gained him respect from his colleagues. All these dynamic qualities have led Sergey to achieve steady and fast progress. Sergey has passed all his University examinations with an â€Å"A† grade marking. Sergey’s distinguished qualities have helped him to outperform students not only from his own academic group but also from the whole department. His academic achievements, especially in the scientific field, are worth mentioning. Sergey’s projects were always among the best in his academic group. The depth of analysis, precision and the logical conclusions of his scientific work have always brought him victory and recognition at different contests and conferences. Also, a number of his scientific works are extremely impressive. At present, ten of Sergey’s articles are published in Political Science publications. Two of the ten articles are published in scientific magazines registered by the SCC (Superior Certification Commission). Getting ten articles published at this early phase of career is a great achievement in itself. Now, under my supervision, he has written a new article, ‘Stateness problems: basic approaches to conceptualization’, which will be his eleventh published article.

Finite Element Analysis And Analytical Method

Finite Element Analysis And Analytical Method Stone columns are widely used as a ground improvement technique especially in construction of shallow foundations. The main concern in the application of stone columns rely on how well it performs, which involves reducing the overall settlement of the stone column. This project mainly investigates the comparison and contrast between finite element analysis and analytical method in modelling stone columns, whereby settlements of the stone columns are checked whether it is consistent. Finite element analyses were carried out by axisymmetric modelling of the stone column using 15-noded triangular elements with the software package PLAXIS. A drained analysis was conducted using Mohr-Coulombs criterion for soft clay, stones and sand. Analytical data used to compare the settlement was found according to the design method published by Heinz J. Priebe (1995). Both methods were compared by varying parameters such as modulus of deformation of the column to sand ratio, area ratio, stress, diameter, and friction angle of stone column that signifies different soil conditions. It is challenging to find a site with acceptable ground conditions for construction of structures such as buildings, bridges, etc. Often the bearing capacity of the soil would not be sufficient to support the loads of the structures nor would it be in a workable condition for the employees to build the structure. The need for the use of such land with weak cohesive soil strata has been a challenge for design engineers. Although the design of piles foundation can meet all the design necessities, extensive lengths of piles needed eventually results in vast increase of cost of the overall project. Therefore, it is a necessity that the ground conditions must be improved to allow the buildings and heavy construction. A number of ground improvement techniques have been developed over the past fifty years. Main concern of these techniques includes creating stiff reinforcing elements to the soil mass, which results in a soil that has a higher bearing capacity. Out of the various techniques available for ground improvement, the stone column has been widely used. Stone columns (also known as granular columns, granular piles or sand columns) are used to improve soft ground by increasing the load bearing pressure of the soil and reducing settlement of the foundation of structures, embankments, etc. Although these structures are permissible for a relatively large settlement, it is necessary that the settlement be minimized for maximum safety. There have been several ways for installing stone columns depending on the design, local practice and availability of equipment. Among which, the most general methods are the vibro-replacement method and vibro-displacement or vibro-compaction methods. Vibro-replacement technique of stone column is a process whereby large sized columns of compacted coarse aggregates are installed through the weak soil by means of special in-depth vibrators. This can be carried out either with the dry or wet process. In the dry process, a hole of desired depth is drilled down in to the ground by jetting a vibroflot. Upon extraction of the vibroflot, the borehole must be able to stand open. The densification of the soil will be a result of the vibrator near the bottom of the vibroflot. In the wet process, the vibroflot will form a borehole that is of larger diameter than the vibrator and it requires continuous supply of water. As a result the uncased hole is flushed out and filled with granular soil. Th e main difference between wet and dry process is the absence of continuous jetting water during the initial formation of the borehole in the dry process. The performance of the stone columns is not measurable by simple investigations. However, analytically, the efficiency of this composite system that consists of stone column and soil interactions can be assessed by separate consideration of significant parameters as proposed by Priebe (1995) [1]. Stone column technique has proven successful in improving many applications. Such applications include slope stability of both natural slopes and embankments. Construction of such embankments can commence immediately after the installation of stone columns (Vibro Stone Columns, 2009) [2]. Other advantages include increasing bearing capacity of ground, reducing total and differential settlements, reducing the liquefaction potential of sands. The main disadvantage of the stone column technique is its ability to induce bulging failure on the upper part of the stone column. In-situ field tests (cone penetration test and full scale footing test) before construction and after construction of stone columns have shown significant improvements in the soil (J. T. Blackburn, J. K. Cavey, K. C. Wikar, and M. R. Demcsak., 2010) [3]. In a study of the behaviour of stone columns, (Mitchell J.K., and Huber T.K., 1985) [4], by using finite element analysis, had proved that the installation of stone columns leads to a 30-40% reduction in settlement of the values expected that of an untreated ground. 1.2 Objectives The main objective of this project is to show that the analytical method used to design stone columns and the finite element method used to model the stone column numerically, has comparable total and differential settlement. The analysis also provide the understanding of the influence on settlement by varying parameters such as modulus of deformation of the column to sand ratio (Ec/Es), Area ratio (Ac/A), stress à Ã†â€™0, diameter D, and friction angle of stone column ÃŽÂ ¦c, and finally comparing them against the Priebe analytical approach. The objectives of the project are to: study the existing analytical and numerical theories related to stone column modelling develop an axisymmetric simulation of the stone columns by using finite element method, and compare the settlement difference with the analytical results by altering various parameters related to settlement change. This project uses the finite element software package PLAXIS to simulate the stone column numerically and the design method proposed by Heinz J. Priebe (1995) [1] for the analytical results. 1.3 Organization of the research paper In addition to the abstract, list of figures and notation, acknowledgement, and table of contents, this dissertation is divided to six chapters: The first chapter consists of introduction and background of stone columns where it briefly summarizes the installation methods, some of the advantages and disadvantages of the stone columns. The second chapter describes the study of existing analytical and numerical theories regarding modelling stone columns. In this chapter, other than the main findings from the theories, the full procedure of Priebe (1995) method of modelling stone column has been reviewed. Third chapter describes how the stone column was modelled using the PLAXIS software, including the assumptions made and technical data used in different models. The fourth chapter shows the results obtained from the analysis compared to the analytical method proposed by Priebe (1995). The results are presented using necessary graphs and charts. The fifth chapter includes the conclusion of the project and provides recommendations for further studying. The final chapter lists out the references used in this project. The Appendix contains documents such as the Risk Assessment, Diary of the work progress, and the any additional tables and figures of the analysis. CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Many researchers in this field have made their effortless contribution studying the behaviour of stone columns numerically and analytically. Most of the numerical analyses were conducted using finite element analysis, whereas analytical method is derived from a series of equations. Some of the main findings from researchers related to this study are reviewed below. 2.1 Analytical Models 2.1.1 Alamgir, Miura, Poorooshasb, and Madhav, (1996) Alamgir et al. (1995) proposed a simple theoretical approach to evaluate the deformation behaviour of uniformly loaded ground reinforced by columnar inclusions. The displacements of the soil and stone columns are obtained by considering the elastic deformation of both soil and column. A typical column-reinforced ground and column soil unit (Fig. 2.1) where the column is considered to be cylinder, of height H and diameter of dc (=2a where a is the radius) The deformation at a cross section within the column, wcz, is assumed to be constant throughout whereas the deformation of the surrounding soil, wrz, increases from the soil column surface towards the outer boundary of the unit cell (Fig. 2.2). This denotes that since the column soil interface is elastic and no slip occurs, the displacements of the soil and the column at interface can be assumed to be equal. The deformation of the surrounding ground, wrz, is assumed to follow: where wrz is the displacement of the soil element at a depth z and at a radial distance r, wcz is the displacement of the column element at a depth z, ÃŽÂ ±cz and ÃŽÂ ²c are the displacement parameters, a and b are the radii of column and unit cell, respectively, r is the radial distance measured from the center of the column. The column and the surrounding soil were discretized in to a number of elements as shown in Fig. 2.3. The interaction shear stresses and stresses on the column and the soil were obtained by using equilibrium of vertical forces within the medium (Fig. 2.4). Successively the displacement of the column and soil were obtained by solving equations by applying the linear deformation characteristics of the soil. Therefore, the deformation of the jth element of the column, Wcj was obtained as: where à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H is the height of a single element, Es and Ec are the modulus of deformations of soil and column material respectively, vs is the Poissons ratio of the soil, and à Ã†â€™cj is the normal stress acting at the top of the jth element of the column. Due to the symmetry of load and geometry, the shear stress at the outside boundary of the unit cell is zero, which subsequently leads to an equation for ÃŽÂ ²c Furthermore, the compression of the soil element adjacent to the boundary of unit cell (N,jth element of the soil), wsNj was derived as: where à Ã†â€™sNj is the normal stress acting at the top of the element, n is the spacing ratio b/a, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R is à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  r/a and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  r is (b-a)/n. By using the displacement compatibility and substituting r/a=n-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R/2, Eq. [2.1] can be written as: Finally, solving the equations 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5 can lead to the displacement parameter The settlement profiles, the shear stress distribution, and the load sharing from the above mention method was compared against a simple finite element analysis as shown in Fig. 2.5, Fig. 2.6, and Fig. 2.7. It is seen that the results obtained shows a reasonable agreement between the two methods and can be used as a useful method to determine the settlement of the stone columns. 2.1.2 Priebe (1995) Priebe (1995) proposed a design method to assess the behaviour of stone columns that uses an improvement factor which stone columns improve the performance of the subsoil in comparisons to the state without columns. The above statement was best described using the following relationship: According to this improvement factor, the deformation modulus of the composite system is increased respectively settlements are reduced. A unit cell of area A is considered which consists of a single column with the cross section area Ac. Calculation of the improvement factor was done by assuming that: The stone column to be of incompressible material The stone column is installed within a rigid layer The bulk densities of the stone column and soil are also neglected. Hence, according to Priebes approach, column cannot fail in end bearing and any settlement of the load area results in a bulging of the column, which remains constant all over its length. The improvement of a soil achieved by the presence of stone columns is evaluated based on the assumption that the column material shears from the beginning whilst the surrounding soil reacts elastically. Additionally, the coefficient of earth pressure amounts to K=1 by assuming that the soil to be displaced already during the column installation to such a degree that its preliminary resistance corresponds to the liquid state. Using the above criterion the basic improvement factor n0 is expressed as: where = Improvement factor Ac = Area of the stone column A = Grid area of the single unit = Poissons ratio = Coefficient of active earth pressure for the stone column material = Friction angle of the stone column material Since a Poissons ratio of 1/3 is adequate for the state of final settlement in most cases, the results of the evaluation is expressed as basic improvement factor n0 and substituting 1/3 as Poissons ratio, which leads to the following equation. The relation between the improvement factor n0, the area ratio A/Ac and the friction angle of the backfill material is illustrated in figure 2.8 below. The compacted backfill material of the stone column is still compressible. Due to this reason, applied load of any amount will lead to settlements that are unconnected with bulging of the columns. Subsequently, compressibility of the column is integrated by adding up an additional area ratio (A/Ac) as a function of the constrained moduli of the columns and soil Dc/Ds and is provided in the Fig. 2.9. The improvement factor as a result of the consideration of the column compressibility is represented by n1, as shown in the equation: where and Furthermore, for =1/3 can be found using the equation below The additional loads due to the bulk densities of the soil and columns decrease the pressure difference asymptotically and reduce the bulging correspondingly. Subsequently, multiplying the basic improvement factor by a depth factor could incorporate the effect of the bulk density, which is given by: where, fd = Depth factor K0C = Coefficient of earth pressure at rest for stone column material = Bulk density of the soil = Layer thickness Pc = Pressure within the column along the depth Figure 2.10 shows the influence factor y as a function of the Area ratio A/Ac and can be used to approximate the depth factor. The figure considers the same bulk density for the columns and soil, which may not be true in most cases. Therefore as a safety measure, the lower value of the soil should be always considered. Using the above depth factor fd, a more enhanced improvement factor can be defined that considers the effects of the overburden pressure, and therefore is represented by n2 where it can be related by the following equation: The depth factor is limited so that the settlement of the columns resulting from their inherent compressibility does not exceed the settlement of the composite system. This is because as the depth increases, the support by the soil reaches such an extent that the column do not bulge anymore. The first compatibility control where the depth factor is limited is applied when the existing soil is stiff or dense and is given by: The second compatibility control is required since should not be considered even if it may result from the calculation. This second control relates to the maximum value of the improvement factor nmax and is applied when the existing soil is loose or soft. Both compatibility controls can be determined using figure 2.11 below. Finally, the total settlement of a single or a strip footing can be assessed using the above series of equations. The design results from the performance of an unlimited column grid below an unlimited load area. For the unimproved ground, the settlement can be found using the equation: where, sà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ = Total settlement p = Pressure exerted by the above structure d = Depth of the stone column Ds = Constrained modulus of the soil Similarly, the total settlement of the improved ground, where the improvement factor is incorporated, can be found by dividing the settlement by n2, which is shown below: This method is one of the most common and well-known method of designing stone columns and has been widely used all over the world because of its simplicity. Moreover, in comparison with the other methods, it shows a much wider behaviour of the stone column by assuming the stone column and surrounding soil as a composite system. 2.2 Numerical Models 2.2.1 A.P. Ambily and Shailesh R. Gandhi (2007) Ambily and Shailesh (2007) studied the behaviour of stone columns by comparing experimental and Finite Element analysis on a single stone column and a group of 7 columns. Laboratory experiments were carried out on a stone column of 100mm diameter surrounded by soft clay in cylindrical tanks of 500mm high with diameter varying from 210 to 420 mm for a single column test and from 210 835 mm for a group of 7 columns. This represents the required unit cell area of soft clay around each stone column. Pressure cells attached to the loading plate were used to measure the stress intensity of the column and the soil as shown in figures 2.12 and 2.13. Furthermore, it is also assumed the stone columns are installed in a triangular pattern. The load deformation behaviour of the column/treated soil was studied by applying vertical load for both cases; column only loading and entire area loading, and observed for equal intervals of settlements until failure occurs. After a series of procedure, the shapes of the tested columns are obtained. It is clearly seen in Fig. 2.14 that bulging mode of failure only occurs in the case of column alone loaded, and not in the case of entire area loaded. Finite Element analysis was conducted using 15-noded triangular elements with the software package PLAXIS, to compare the load-settlement behaviour with the model test and the laboratory experiment. The analysis was carried out using a stone column of diameter 25 mm and 225 mm high, which was made at the center of the clay bed and loaded with a plate of diameter two times the diameter of the stone column. The axisymmetric finite element mesh to represent the single stone column and the group of stone columns are shown in Fig. 2.15 and Fig. 2.16 respectively. Likewise the laboratory experiment, finite element analyses were done for column alone loaded and entire area loaded case for s/d=3. The results of these simulations (Fig. 2.17) shows that failure by bulging occurs in column alone loaded case, which also agrees with the results from laboratory experiment. The comparison of the experimental results and finite element analysis data shows significant consistency in both methods. The comparisons made by A.P. Ambily and Shailesh R. Gandhi include the effect of shear strength, Cu (Fig. 2.18) and the effect of s/d (Fig. 2.19) on the behaviour of stone columns. Additionally, the effect of surcharge on stress settlement behaviour (Fig. 2.20) and effect of s/d and ÃŽÂ ¦ on the stiffness improvement factor (Fig. 2.21) was compared between both methods. These tests have also shown similar behaviour. The stiffness improvement factor (ÃŽÂ ²) was calculated as the ratio of the stiffness of treated and untreated ground, and beyond s/d = 3, it shows no significant improvement. The analysis was extended to study the effect of the angle of internal friction of stones by varying the ÃŽÂ ¦ as 35, 40, 43, and 45o for varying values of s/d ranging from 1.5 4. From the results shown in Fig. 2.22, it is confirmed that this relationship is valid for any shear strength values of surrounding soil. Furthermore, the comparisons between a single column and group of 7 columns were found as in Fig. 2.23. Both experimental and finite element method results reveal comparable behaviour regarding the ultimate load and load deformation relationship. To ensure that this proposed design method agrees with the existing theories, this study was compared with the existing theories as shown in Fig. 2.24 and Fig. 2.25. The result shows a slightly higher stiffness improvement factor (ÃŽÂ ²) for an area ratio more than 4 and a lower value for an area ratio less than 4 compared to Priebe (1995). 2.3 Summary The studies mentioned above show comparable results and have been adopted by many engineers and contractors. However, not many researchers had compared Priebes analytical model with finite element method. Therefore, the finite element analysis carried out in this project will be compared to the design method proposed by Priebe (1995), since it gives a much broader overview of the composite system consisting of the stone column and soil interactions and moreover it is the most common and improved analytical method used by the design engineers around the globe. CHAPTER THREE 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Different methods of modelling stone columns numerically have been implemented in the past. Among those, the most simplest and common type of numerical modelling is using finite element method. In fact, studies have shown that the settlements predicted from the finite element analysis shows comparable results that of the values gained from actual field tests (Kirsch, F. 2009). Numerical calculations are usually complex and most of the time is impossible to conduct without means of dedicated software. Likewise, in this research project, PLAXIS software is used to carry out the finite element analyses. 3.2 PLAXIS software The main computer software used in this investigative project is PLAXIS Professional Version 8.2. PLAXIS is a comprehensive package for finite element analyses for geotechnical applications. It allows simulating the soil behaviour by using soil models. The software employs a graphical user interface that makes it simple to use and also provide the ability to input the necessary parameters such as different soil layers, structural elements, variety of loadings, and boundary conditions through CAD drawing procedures. It allows discretizing the soil component into either 6-noded or 15-noded triangular elements whereby 15-noded triangles provides high stress results for complex problems. The software also allows automatic generation of 2D finite element meshes that can be further refined according to the choice of analysis. In addition to that, the software comes with a very useful feature named Staged Construction. This feature allows the models to be simulated at different stages by ac tivating and deactivating clusters of elements, application of loads, etc. One of the advantages of this software is the ability to generate the results quickly with minimum errors. The output results include values for stresses, strains, settlements, and structural forces together with the plots of different curves such as, load-displacement curve, stress-strain diagrams, and time-settlement curve. 3.3 Finite Element Modelling Finite element analysis was conducted to compare the load-settlement behaviour of the stone column. A two dimensional axisymmetric analysis was carried out since the investigation concerns a single unit of stone column using Mohr-Coulombs criterion for clay and stone column. 15-noded discretization was used for more precise results. The initial vertical stress due to gravity has been considered in this analysis. Similarly, the stress due to column installation, which often depends on the method of construction, is also considered in this analysis. Assumptions made in the finite element modelling: The soil is assumed to be homogenous, infinite and behaves as Mohr-Coulomb model. The ground water table is at the same level as the stone column and clay layer, meaning the stone column and clay layer is submerged in the water. Hence, effect of ground water condition should be taken into account. The base of the clay layer is rigid, i.e., full fixity at the base of the geometry (ux=0, uy=0) and roller conditions at the vertical sides (ux=0, uy=free) boundary conditions are shown in Figure 3.1(a). Assumed that deformation of the column is mainly by radial bulging and no significant shear is possible. Therefore, interface element between stone column and clay has not been used. Mitchell, J. K., and Huber, T. R. (1985) also carried out similar type of finite element analysis without the inclusion of the interface element. 3.4 Geometrical Parameters The dimensions of the PLAXIS model are shown in Figure 3.1(b). H is the height of the column, which varies between 10m, 20m, and 30m. D is the diameter of the stone column, which has a typical value of 1m, in all the models except for the model to check the influence of diameter and spacing. Equivalent diameter De depends on the spacing between stone columns as well as the arrangement pattern of the columns. The value of De was calculated by considering the following Influence Area methods. 3.4.1 Influence Area Methods There are several methods for calculating the equivalent diameter around the stone column, which depends greatly on the spacing, diameter, and pattern of installation of the stone column. Two methods were considered in this investigation. 3.4.1.1 Equivalent Area method The equivalent area method simply equates the area of the grid spacing with that of the cross sectional area of column to find the influence area around the stone column. The following example gives a better understanding of the above statement. Example: Grid spacing of the column = 1.5 X 1.5 meters (square grid) Therefore, Diameter of stone column = Finally, Where, De is the equivalent diameter around the stone column. 3.4.1.2 Unit cell method (Balaam Booker, 1981) Unit cell consists of the column and the surrounding soil within the zone of influence of the column. The unit cell has the same area as the actual domain and its perimeter is shear free and undergoes no lateral displacement. Balaam Booker (1981) relates the diameter of the unit cell to the spacing of the columns as: where, De is the equivalent diameter (for square grid) S is the spacing of the stone column Similarly the different geometrical patterns due to column arrangements are shown in the Figure 3.2. Both methods reviewed above gives relatively similar magnitudes. However, Priebes analytical method concerns more on unit cell area. Hence, for this investigation Equivalent Area method is used to model the influence are in PLAXIS. 3.5 Mesh Refinement Test Mesh generation has a great influence in the accuracy of the model. Generally, the finer the mesh the more accurate the result would be. However, this is not true for every case. Therefore a simple test using PLAXIS was conducted to check the effect of mesh refinement. Initially, mesh generation was set to coarse (around 100 elements), utilized as global coarseness of model. The test was carried out by comparing it with the refined mesh (around 500 elements). Moreover, the mesh is further refined which in PLAXIS is set to very fined (around 1000 elements). The generated meshes are shown in Figure 3.3. followed by the time-displacement graph showing the comparison between coarse, medium, fine and very fine mesh refinements. (Figure 3.4) From the above graph it can be seen that the four curves gives comparable results. However, the coarse, medium, and fine meshes give very similar results compared to the very fine mesh refinement. The objective here was to get the lowest value for the displacement since the improved ground due to the installation of stone column would eventually lead to a reduced settlement. Therefore, the finest mesh refinement gives the most precise result. Even though it takes a substantial amount of time to simulate using the most finest meshing, for this investigation, models had been simulated using the very fine mesh option. 3.6 Input Parameters Varying the soil parameters can alter soil characteristics. Most important outcome by altering these parameters is deformation that leads to settlement. Such parameters that have major impact on settlement includes, material type, spacing of stone columns, diameter of influence area, diameter of stone column, elastic modulus of both column and soil, depth of the soil layer, Poissons ratio for both column material and soil, Unit weights of the materials, cohesion, friction angle, etc. Soil and material properties are shown in Table 3.1. Note that the effective stress cohesion, c of the stone column is given a small nonzero value to avoid numerical complications. The majority of the above parameters are considered for only one type of test model and are varied for different model tests. The varied parameters such as elastic modulus of soil and column, friction angle, spacing between columns and influence area around the stone column are reviewed in the following section. 3.7 Test Models The main objective of this project is comparing both analytical and numerical method using Priebes analytical approach and finite element analysis as numerical solution. This can only be achieved by developing multiple models and simulations to obtain a range of values to compare with, which would lead to a more solid conclusion. Three constitutive models were considered for the representation of the following three cases. A clay layer of 30 m, which has a stone column of height 10 m installed. A clay layer of 30 m, which has a stone column of height 20 m installed. A clay layer of 30 m, which has a stone column of height 30 m installed. Note that 1 and 2 are floating columns that are not extended to bedrock or hard layer, which in stone column installation is a rare case, yet installed occasionally. Each of the above tests was carried out by varying the spacing between columns, which would alter the s/d relationship together with the Ac/A ratio. Further tests were carried out to check the influence of stress à Ã†â€™0, diameter D, modulus of deformation of the column to sand ratio Ec/Es and friction angle of stone column ÃŽÂ ¦c using the third case and compared them against the Priebe analytical approach. The summary of test models is given in the Tables 3.2. All the tests were carried out in 3 stages. Install the stone column: Just after the stone column is installed Apply Load: Just after the load is applied to the column Consolidation: After the consolidation process completed to a minimum pore pressure of 1kPa In the all cases the materials were idealized as the Mohr-Coulomb model with the characteristic linear-elastic-perfectly plastic behaviour and the failure criteria defined by the strength parameters given in tables below. Table 3.2 Summary of Model tests Model Test Description Constants Variables 1 Influence of column height on settlement (case 1, 2, and 3) à Ã†â€™0 = 100 kPa Ac/A = 0.2 ÃŽÂ ¦c = 40o Ec/Es = 20 Heigh